How Fuel Costs Have Affected the Airline Industry Essay

How Fuel Costs Have Affected the Airline Industry - Essay Example The point of this paper is to examine the entirety of this, just as all qualities and elements associated with the matter of how fuel costs have influenced the aircraft business. This is the thing that will be dissertated in the accompanying. The six most essential carriers in the United States have been feeble since 2001; four out of these six were in reality compelled to declare financial insolvency in 2005. As per a few examiners, the whole carrier industry is near the very edge of breakdown out and out; the essential driver being that of ever-expanding fuel costs. It's exceptionally terrible at the present time, it's impractical, said Kevin Mitchell, Chairman of the Business Travel Coalition situated in Pennsylvania. It's as terrible as it gets. On the off chance that (oil) goes up another couple of dollars it will be all the more a torment yet it will be not really recognizable from the torment that the aircrafts are feeling at this moment. (Delaney, 2006). Truth be told, as indicated by Mitchell, the American aircraft industry fundamentally declined completely even to perceive the move in the commercial center five years prior. They neglected to comprehend that buyers were requesting regular, low, moderate airfares. The bearers in Europe perceived that and started to make a move in 2001 and 2002 to get serious with minimal effort transporters. The US bearers were difficult all through the entire time, feeling that when the economy would bounce back, so would business voyagers ready to pay $2500 for across the nation admissions, and obviously that never occurred. (Delaney, 2006). Truth be told Northwest Airlines, the country's fourth-biggest carrier which is situated in Eagan, Minnesota, has stood out as truly newsworthy since the year unfurled. It detailed $450 million in misfortunes the main quarter of 2005, it's stock costs are declining, it's fuel costs are rising, it requested that its trade guilds freeze their present benefits programs in lieu of new commitment plans, it is endeavoring to cut yearly work costs by $1.1 billion, and on July 1 the association speaking to its technicians approved a strike vote. (Oo, 2005). The present spike in oil costs is particularly causing significant damage; bringing the aircraft business into strange region and bringing up numerous issues about the financial suitability of numerous players in the business. Expanding fuel costs have additionally had impacts on worldwide exchange, which is one of the United States' most productive assets. Presumably expanding oil costs are probably going to hose worldwide exchange. Air load traffic is a main pointer of any financial stoppage. The air load industry itself, in which fuel represents 20-30% of the operational expense, is ready to be the prime loss of the new time of costly oil, says a report entitled 'The Oil Crisis and its Impact broadcasting in real time Cargo Industry.' Stream fuel costs have nearly significantly increased in the previous four years. Therefore, the world's aircrafts spent over $100 billion on fuel in 2005, a half increment more than 2004. At sensible oil costs of $30-$40 a barrel, world air freight traffic was anticipated triple over current traffic levels. (IAGS, 2006). Fuel costs rank in as the main or number-two cost class with respect to the aircraft business, and along these lines, carriers have a gigantic worked in budgetary motivating force to lessen utilization;

Banker institutions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Investor organizations - Essay Example Investor organizations play as a delegate. It gives various sorts of money related administrations to both. Financier organizations contribute tremendously and altogether in the extension of economy of any nation and improvement. It encourages exchange, reserve funds and venture. These establishments fill in as middle people and with the assistance of a few instrument and items for various fragments of the populace and encourage their clients to develop all-round. The budgetary market comprises of currency market and capital market. The previous comprises of purchasing/selling of loaning/obtaining instruments while the later worries with share, value and so on. Individual is regularly called as social creature. As the general public advances needs of person expanded a far cry. The most punctual money related framework comes into information is the' Barter framework' in which merchandise were traded. Later on when cash appears a type of casual financial comes into the general public. Banking history keeps proves path down to Babylonian progress. Greeks hold further confirmations of banking. Romans later on idealized the regulatory part of banking and saw more prominent guideline of budgetary establishments. Present day monetary and money related history is generally followed back to cafés of London. The London illustrious trade was built up in 1565. Banking workplaces were normally situated close to focuses of exchange and in the late seventeenth century the biggest habitats for business and exchange were the ports of Amsterdam, London and Hamburg. By the mid 1900s New York was starting to rise as a world monetary focus. Organizations and p eople procured huge interests in (other) organizations in the US and Europe, bringing about the main genuine market combination. This relatively elevated level of market mix demonstrated particularly useful when World War I came-the two sides in the contention looked for assets from the United States, by giving new protections and selling existing possessions, however the Allied Powers raised by a long shot the bigger sums. Being a loan specialist to the world brought about the biggest development of a money related economy to that point. Banks during the 1920s were with either the accident or the resulting discouragement of the 1930s. Regardless, there were three noticeable outcomes from these occasions that had incredible impact on American banking. The first was the section of the Banking Act of 1933 that accommodated the Federal Deposit Insurance framework and the Glass-Steagall arrangements that totally isolated business banking and protections exercises. Second was simply the downturn, which drove at long last to World War II and a 30-year time frame in which banking was kept to essential, slow-developing store taking and credit making inside a constrained neighborhood showcase as it were. Also, third was the rising significance of the administration in choosing budgetary issues, particularly during the post-war recuperation period. As a result, there was nearly little for banks or protections firms to do from the mid 1930s until the mid 1960s. During the 1970s, various littler accidents attached to the arrangements set up following the downturn, brought about deregulation and privatization of government-possessed endeavors during the 1980s, showing that administrations of mechanical nations around the globe discovered private-segment answers for issues of financial development and advancement desirable over state-worked, semi communist

How To Choose Samples Of Essay On Exams

How To Choose Samples Of Essay On ExamsIt is crucial that you choose samples of essay on exams. This should be the first thing you do when preparing for your exam. You must understand why you must use samples. Reading an essay without the use of samples will give you a skewed view of what works in an essay and what does not.In order to do well on your essay, you need to study and practice every aspect of the essay. However, there are some aspects you can learn on your own. However, to do this effectively, you will need to have examples of essays on exams. The fact is that no one else has used these examples. This is the main reason you must choose samples of essay on exams.You see, the major aspects of an essay include structure, sentence structure, thought, theme, and style. Without using examples you may be able to succeed at your essay, but you will not be able to copy their structure and their thought. Therefore, if you cannot do this successfully, you will not be able to copy th eir structure and their thought. Without using samples of essays on exams, you will not have a good chance of succeeding at your essay. You must therefore ensure that you study with samples.In the event that you study with samples, the examination directors will believe that you are copying their essays. The thing is, you may not even realize that you are doing this. The reason being that you may just be applying the same style to your essay.One of the advantages of using samples of essays on exams is that they help you know what questions to expect. This is important because you will need to prepare for these questions. Without knowing this information, you could be wasting your time studying for essay questions.However, you must remember that you must also consider the number of essays you are going to study with samples of essays on exams. The more you use samples, the less likely you are to feel overwhelmed. However, you must ensure that you always take one or two weeks to revie w your essay before taking the actual test.In addition, you may want to include sample essays in your syllabus. If you do this, the examination directors will recognize you as someone who understands what an essay is all about. They will therefore trust you more. In the end, using samples of essays on exams will help you pass your examination.

light pollution Essay - 3074 Words

Light pollution happened slowly at first which was several decades ago it was a process that was hardly noticeable. A light here, a light there, burning way into the dark nighttime realm, helping us see in the darkness when people all their our beds fast asleep. The process still continues today, with little thought ever given to what we are stealing away. Our intentions are good but our methods need adjustment, and they needs to be done immediately. In fact, our methods should have been changed years ago, but nearly everyone has resisted, perhaps due to a profound lack of awareness. The use of too many lights at night can cause environmental pollution, known as light pollution. Light pollution can block our ability to see the original†¦show more content†¦So if a crashing comet was coming towards earth for impact, the astronomers might not get to see it until it might be too late for the government to do something to destroy it in a safe distance from earth. But we are luck y that the only time this happened before was in the instance where the comets were the size of briefcases and they evaporated in the atmosphere, but maybe the next time mankind might not be so lucky. So by using only the amount of light we need in different areas, we would be able to properly manage our light resource and easily solve this problem. This will save towns, its citizens, and its business owner’s lots of money. It will improve the quality of life for everyone who has directed light unnecessarily beaming into their windows and across their yards at night. It will vastly improve the safety for all drivers and pedestrians, and it will greatly enhance the nighttime appearance of people’s community’s by removing the needless visual clutter and glare that is always typical of obtrusive outdoor lighting. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;There are several types of light pollution, such as glare, the light that blinds and harms our eyes; light trespass, which is when someone uses a light resource that offends us; clutter, that makes the objects difficult to see at night; and energy waste. Light pollution is caused by light coming from improperly designed street andShow MoreRelatedLight Pollution1702 Words   |  7 Pagessociety known as light pollution. Light pollution is essentially excessive light from outside lighting fixtures that is misused and causes several negative effects. This increasing and perplexing issue is often magnified by industrialization and urban development which often neglects to consider the momentous problems light pollution causes. Despite serious efforts to minimize light pollution, â€Å"†¦light pollution rises about 6% every year† (Parks 30). One should know what light pollution entails, theRead MoreLight Pollution3142 Words   |  13 PagesLight po llution happened slowly at first which was several decades ago it was a process that was hardly noticeable. A light here, a light there, burning way into the dark nighttime realm, helping us see in the darkness when people all their our beds fast asleep. The process still continues today, with little thought ever given to what we are stealing away. Our intentions are good but our methods need adjustment, and they needs to be done immediately. In fact, our methods should have been changedRead MoreThe Problem of Light Pollution1613 Words   |  7 Pagesapproaches in design reduce the problem of light pollution? Research question How can new approaches in design reduce the problem of light pollution? Background In most situations, light helps us see. But when it comes to looking at the night sky, light is actually a kind of pollution. Light pollution is the pollution caused by misplaced artificial light. It is a rapidly increasing environmental problem. In the urban landscape that we live in, light pollution can have implications for the visualRead MoreLight Pollution And The Problems It Creates1595 Words   |  7 PagesLight Pollution and the Problems it Creates Sci-fi Synopsis: The year is 2258, and in an effort to keep up with the increase in population and industrialization, artificial light has increased to the point where one can no longer tell the difference between night and day, since it is always daytime somewhere in the world. The public have long since forgotten about the sun and the stars. People must initiate certain protocols in their homes in order to gain the dark necessary for sleep. One nightRead MoreLight Pollution And Its Effects On Health1544 Words   |  7 Pages Most people have heard of air pollution, water pollution, and many kinds of pollution like them. Issues like these are covered extensively in the media and are targeted by many environmental groups. In fact, many of these issues play significant roles in political elections. Though these kinds of pollution are widely known, there is another type of pollution that receives far less attention. Few environmental groups mention it, and many members of the general public have not e ven heard of it. HoweverRead MoreThe Effects Of Light Pollution On Humans And The World1307 Words   |  6 PagesWhen someone thinks of pollution, they most likely think of toxins and contamination in bodies of water and in the air. While these familiar types of pollution are large problems, there is a lesser known variety of pollution involving excessive, misdirected, or obtrusive light that is just as large of an issue. This variety of pollution is called light pollution or photo pollution. The effects of light pollution on humans and the world’s various ecosystems are various and need to be realized. Read MoreThe Effects Of Light Pollution On The Outdoor Environment1103 Words   |  5 Pagesmisdirected, obstructive or unneeded artificial light. Pollution is the adding-of/added light itself, in analogy to added sound, carbon dioxide, etc. Adverse consequences are multiple; some of them may not be known yet. Scientific definitions thus include the following: †¢ Degradation of photic habitat by artificial light. †¢ Alteration of natural light levels in the outdoor environment owing to artificial light sources. †¢ Light pollution is the alteration of light levels in the outdoor environment (fromRead MoreLight Pollution And Its Effect On The Earth998 Words   |  4 PagesLight, is a type of wave that has electromagnetic radiation, traveling in transverse waves at a different wavelength from the sources to be visible to the human eye. With the presence of light, human could see things with the sense of sight. The light come from different sources but mainly from sunlight which enable process of photosynthesis where plants make their food and sustain life on earth. Light, is also a sign of civilization, showing the presence of human whenever light is seen from theRead MoreLight Pollution: The Dark Side of Outdoor Lighting3064 Words   |  13 Pagesall the incandescent light bulbs in your home with energy-efficient compact fluorescent lamps (CFL) or light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs. However, you may be unwittingly contributing to carbon emissions and interfering with delicate ecosystems through light pollution. Light pollution, unlike other forms of contamination and waste, remains largely overlooked and unregulated in industrialized countries. Learn more about the cause, different types, and effects of light pollution, and how adjusting yourRead MoreLight Pollution : An Earthquake Shook Los Angeles2188 Words   |  9 PagesJoel Barnett Claudia Moura Pols 1 Dec 1, 2014 Light Pollution In 1994, an earthquake shook Los Angeles, knocking out its power and leaving its inhabitants stranded in darkness. In the hours that followed the blackout, many anxious residents called local emergency centers to report seeing a strange â€Å"giant, silvery cloud† in the dark sky. According to Terence Dickinson in his book Nightwatch: A Practical Guide to Viewing the Universe, some people even believed a â€Å"sudden brightening of the stars.

Analysis Of Sylvia s The Cow - 1378 Words

Sylvia isolates herself in nature and identifies herself as a person who prefers to be alone. While wandering in the woods and playing around with her cow, she â€Å"would look upon the cow’s pranks as an intelligent attempt to play hide and seek, as [she] had no playmates† (Jewett 196). Sylvia does not experience human interaction, besides her grandmother, due to being isolated in the countryside. However, she interacts with her best friend, Mistress Moolly the cow, as a way to fill in the need of communicating with others. Sylvia could be feeling lonely, so she treats her cow as a friend. Mrs. Tilley, Sylvia’s grandmother, notices how her granddaughter spends more time in nature. She states, â€Å"Afraid of folks, they said! I guess [Sylvia] won’t be troubled no great with them up to the old place† (Jewett 196). The â€Å"old place† indicates Sylvia’s house in the city. Generally, a city is crowded and there is not enough space for her to freely wander unlike the countryside. Mrs. Tilley suggests that her granddaughter is more comfortable in the countryside, where it is open and peaceful, rather than the congested city. There is a slight hint of transcendentalism in Sylvia. Due to her familiarity with nature, she realizes how much she prefers being alone in the woods. Additionally, the isolation that Sylvia experiences allow her to retain her innocence, a part of her identity, until she meets the hunter. Sylvia experiences a coming-of-age process as she meets the hunter in the woodsShow MoreRelatedMga Uri Ng Pagsulat5939 Words   |  24 Pagesshe/he can understand why things went wrong in the past, and how client can be guided so that things will not go wrong in the future. This therapy seeks to apply the step by step approach of cognitive therapy – developed by Anthony Ryle, in the 1970’s Anthony Ryle used his background as a GP and work experience as a Consultant Psychotherapist to develop t his mode of therapy. CAT focuses on the why emotional or psychological problems have occurred and to do this the therapist guides the client backRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore

Effects of the Industrial Revolution free essay sample

During the late 1700s, great change occurred in Europe in terms of the economy and production of goods. This time was known as the Industrial Revolution. The Revolution had many effects that would forever change the course of history. Some of the effects were positive and very beneficial, whether to the workers, factory owners, or society as a whole. At the same time though, the Industrial Revolution allowed for many outcomes that were not at all favorable, ones that negatively affected mankind. The Industrial Revolution led to many negative effects. When machines and devices ere invented to aid in the farming process, less manpower was needed on the farm and many small farms were unable to sustain themselves. This caused for a large influx of people to the cities in search of jobs, As a result, the urban areas became crowded, filthy, and full of disease. There was a great loss of life due to the lack of ventilation, terrible hygienic conditions, and poor supply of water. Many people died as a result of the inhumane living conditions caused by the Industrial Revolution. Another negauve outcome of the Industrial revolution was the loss of traditional ome life and family time. When people worked on farms, the entire family pitched in with the chores during the day, and at night they would spend quality time together. With the move to urban areas and the long hours spent in the factories, this was no longer possible. Every member of the family would have different work schedules and would come home late at night, making it impossible to perform regular family activities. This Included the mothers, women who were forced to go out to work In order to provide, who were now unable to have a strong, traditional relationship with heir children. A major negative effect of the Revolution was the unfair treatment of the factory workers. Owners of large businesses wanted to expand without paying heed to the conditions of their workers. They exploited their employees, taking advantage of them at every turn. The workers received unimaginably low wages, long strenuous work hours, and bad conditions. These people were for the time being, negatively affected by the Industrial Revolution. Two more, perhaps, longer-lasting effects were caused by the Industrial Revolution. Firstly, the invention of new machines and the creation of industry led to a need for natural resources that were not always available in England. This, and the fact that many Europeans felt a need to bring their new ways of doing business, led to Imperialism. Strong European countries would conquer lands, mainly In Africa, which they felt were less developed and almost inferior to themselves. Although they did bring industry to these countries and in some ways truly built them up economically, imperialism was for the most part a truly negative effect. They European nations entered these countries without any permission, cruelly conquered them, and treated the natives harshly without glvlng them any rights. In addition, the building of large steam powered factories polluted the air greatly. The pollution created during the industrial revolution contaminates the air we breathe in until this very day. The people then did not have the knowledge to realize Just how far 1 OF2 Although from the above information it may seem as if the Industrial Revolution did nothing but harm, it in fact affected many overwhelmingly positive outcomes. Firstly, a huge positive effect of the Industrial Revolution was a strengthened economy. This is exactly what the Revolution had set out to do in the first place, and it was definitely successful. The large factories and new methods for transportation of goods, such as the railroad, allowed for products to be manufactured for low prices and to be easily sold. People were afforded the chance to invest and make great profits. This created many Jobs and established a strong thriving middle class in which everybody benefited. For the first time in centuries, Europes economy was stable. All this led to another greatly positive effect, the start of capitalism. This effect is probably the greatest and most everlasting one, as today we in the U. S. employ the system of economics. Capitalism, is an economic system in which following the ideas of laissez faire and Adam Smiths Wealth of Nations, allows for the economy to run its natural course without government intervention. This ideology came about during the Industrial Revolution, when people wished to invest for private needs, and own their own factories. Capitalism has proven to be a beneficial system as it allows for rue economic growth, and competition inside and industry. This in turn creates a better product for lower prices. Everybody gains. The Industrial Revolution had additional positive effects. As products were more easily producible and made in greater quantities, their prices fell. Now, they were more affordable to a wider range of people and with this the standard of living rose. This meant that more and more people were able to buy things that were outside of their absolute bar necessities. This is a trend that continues to increase until this very day. The immediate effect of the Revolution, in which the workers were exploited led to a positive long term effect. As activists and reformers, such as Flora Tristan, saw or experienced the hardships of the workers, they would publish things to raise awareness. With this came the formation of unions in which a large number of workers get together to achieve fairness in the workplace. Eventually the government passed laws, such as the Factory Act of 1833, to limit the number of work hours and insure safe conditions for women and children. The movement for workers rights has ed to a lot of progressive changes that have forever changes the lives of workers worldwide. To conclude, The Industrial Revolution in Europe brought about great change to the production of goods and introduced the machines and the factory system. All this affected the people and economy a great deal, in some ways negatively and in others positively. In general though, the industrial revolution is looked at as a period of growth that has forever changed the way we live our lives. It has awarded us tremendous opportunity, life altering inventions, and amazing economic prospect.

The Islamic Societies History

Table of Contents Introduction Religion Politics Military affairs Territorial expansion of Islam Conclusion Works Cited Introduction Islam plays a significant role in lives of many believers. It has been the unifying factor for many Muslims due to belief in one God and Muhammad as His Prophet. This essay explores the views of Muslims on the role of religion, politics, and military affairs, and how did this play out in the territorial expansion of Islam.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Islamic Societies History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Religion Prophet Muhammad founded Islam in the seventh century AD. The religion spread through trade routes of the time. He claimed that he was getting messages from God. Muhammad claimed to be a prophet just like Moses and Jesus. However, Muhammad fled to Mecca and established a state of Medina where he found Pagan Arabs. Muhammad engaged in assault of traders by at tacking merchant caravans from his base in Medina. Pagan Arabs reacted by using armed soldiers on their trade routes. However, in the Battle of Badr, Muslims defeated Pagan Arabs, and this marked the spread of Islam. He expanded his territory in the following decades in which he fought both Pagan Arabs and other Arab tribes. Muhammad guaranteed his soldiers everlasting life if they defended their faith. Muhammad became powerful and expelled the two tribes Medina due poor relationships. He massacred the third tribe of Banu Qurayza in Medina. He proceeded to take control of Mecca and establish control over other Pagan Arabs. He forcefully converted these Pagan Arabs to Islam. The role of Islam depends on the five Pillars of Quran. Muhammad and Quran traditions have the fundamental rules directing Muslims. Islam controls believers’ right actions and rules. The religion has five pillars. The foremost pillar is the witness or shuhuduh, which highlights the existence of only one Go d and Muhammad is God’s prophet. Therefore, any believer who does not recognize God, or has more than one God and rejects Muhammad as the prophet is an apostate. This is punishable by killing. The second pillar is the worship or salat or ritual prayer, which believers must conduct while facing the Kabah in Mecca and recite Quran. Salat is a way of cleansing and worshipping God. The third pillar is fasting or saturn, which Muslims perform during the month of Ramadan. The fourth pillar is giving or zakat of tithe or alms. Zakat serves the purpose of helping the needy. It encourages Muslims to share whatever they have with the poor in society. The fifth pillar is pilgrimage or Hajj to Mecca. Muslims should visit Mecca at least once in a lifetime.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Apart from the five pillars, there are also other aspects of teaching that guide Muslims. Jihad in reference to war has been one of the most controversial pillars of Islam. According to Muslims, jihad wars are for God. However, others consider jihad as fundamentalism and a reaction to non-Muslims and other religions (Armstrong 169). Muslims consider fighting against people who do not believe in God as right. Believers also fight people who have rejected the teachings of Prophet Muhammad until they can recognize both God and messages from Muhammad. Scholars have noted that Muslims attribute various meanings to jihad based on various contexts (Habeck 108). Some consider jihad as a fight against Jews, Christians, or Arab pagans. Other Muslims view jihad as a means of protecting Islam against external aggressors. Politics Most states find it difficult to balance religious and secular aspects of rules. However, religion and politics have fundamental roles in states. A study in teachings of Muhammad reveals that Muhammad and his successors and followers introduced politics into Isl am. When Muhammad went to Medina in 622 CE, he used Islam to conquer and establish political territories. The warring tribes of Khazraj and Aus gave Muhammad an opportunity to rule as a neutral outsider. He wrote the Medina Charter, which gave him the power to rule, and it referred to him as the prophet of God. Muhammad established the Medina Charter based on Quran and his actions. These are the Islamic laws or Sharia. They have been the cornerstone of Islamic movements and territorial expansions to present day. Muhammad used these Islamic laws to spread his power by capturing Mecca and other Pagan Arabs. He used the army and followers to fight Arab Pagans and Jewish. In some cases, Muhammad used diplomacy to conquer regions. In the contemporary society, we have several Islamic democratic societies and parties. At the same time, we also have Islamic fundamentalists in various countries across the globe. Islamic fundamentalism is a term many non-Muslims used to refer to radical appro aches most Muslims use to support or defend their religion. Such political and religious ideas have also found formidable support from terror groups and militant Islamic movements. States are political vehicles for the actors or political leaders. However, secularism defines a religious state from other states. In other words, secular states welcome ideologies from religious bodies for creating fundamental laws that govern a country. We can understand the role of Islam and politics from this point.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Islamic Societies History specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More We can consider â€Å"human rights, aspects of civic responsibilities, constitutionalism, and citizenship† (An-Na’im 4) in order to understand the relationship between Islam and politics. It is important to note that Islam and politics have their origin in history. Sharia laws allow people to have debates and r each consensus. This is why Islam accepts some views, which Muslims formerly regarded as dissent. Islamic teaching of reciprocity or mu’awada also encourages debates, which should accommodate differences and guarantee individuals’ rights. This is the Golden Rule of the religion. However, in the mainstream Islamic law fails to separate issues of states and the religion. It is Islamic laws that have applied in most cases. Studies have shown that contact with the West brought some secular ideas into Islamic, but reactions were different among various states. For instance, some Islamic nations like Turkey and others have operated as secular countries. On the other hand, the Iran Revolution of 1979 replaced secularism with Islamic laws. Secularism has been a major uniting factor among different communities of Islam nations. This is because it favors minimal moral obligations on believers (An-Na’im 23). Muhammad used Islamic laws as a constitution to run Mecca and con quer new states. Today, constitution aims at protecting Muslims by ensuring that rulers follow and engage in acceptable practices. Muslims have a right to create their own constitution to serve their needs. However, the only challenge is that a constitution should serve majorities who do not have control over a nation. Politically, Muslim culture should advocate for human rights and today, most Muslim nations have started to adhere to human rights practices across the world. This aims at protecting individuals from harsh laws, which Islamic fundamentalists impose on the perceived offenders. It is also necessary for Muslims to accept both teachings from international conventions and teachings from Quran. This approach does not undermine both conventions. As Muslims advocate for citizenship, they must rely on the principle of the Golden Rule. This gives all citizens equal opportunities. Therefore, political leaders must act with responsibility and honesty toward citizens.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In modern states of Islam, secular nations should be neutral with regard to political affairs. However, the state must understand the role of Islamic religion in shaping public affairs. In this context, civic reasons should work alongside religion principles in order to shape public policies. This is because religion alone cannot serve diverse interests of people. According to early historians in the Islamic religion, civic reason is a part of Islamic principles, which evolved with Islam (Feldman 9). Civic reason tends to show the line between the state and religion. This aims at protecting Muslims so that they can express their different views without attacks. In this regard, the state should not control the functions of civic reason. Instead, the state should support fundamental principles to guide civic reason for inclusive purposes. Islamic scholars have supported the place of Islamic religion in politics. They also noted that Western civilization slowed the spread of Islamic id eologies (Feldman 79). Therefore, effects of Western colonialism in Islamic states have shaped political ideologies in such states. For instance, in current Islamic states, Mostapha Benhenda notes that democracy within â€Å"Islam often means democracy within Islamic limits† (Benhenda 1). This implies that Muslims have shaped their current governments to reflect Islamic ideologies. However, different states have different approaches of defining their Islamic ideologies based on the prevailing circumstances. Most democratic Islamic groups, such as Muslim Brotherhood and Jamaat-e-Islami have noted that democracy can help them achieve their goals through cooperation with other like-minded political movements. On the other hand, fundamentalists like al-Shabbab, al-Qaeda, and Taliban have embraced radical and militant Islamic principles to punish perceived offenders of the religion. Military affairs Prophet Muhammad encouraged his followers to fight jihad. This meant that the figh t was in the way of God. Therefore, Muslims had to use their power, exert efforts, and endeavor in order to overcome forms of social disapproval. However, the application of jihad differs based on the perceived sin, enemy, or one’s sinful ways. Based on these various usages of jihad, scholars concur that when the term jihad lacks a qualifier, then it takes its military usage. Others have viewed jihad in terms of a struggle to achieve religious and moral obligations (Esposito 56). Still, there are Muslims who prescribe to the ultimate jihad, which only focuses on spiritual well-being of believers. On the other hand, we also have a jihad that drives warfare ideologies. Most Islamic states consider jihad as a military exertion against enemies, non-believers, and non-Muslims. This is mainly in cases where Muslims need to expand their territory or Ummah or in the defense. Scholars have debated the ultimate aim of jihad. Others consider it as a way of protecting Islamic religion or territory with no offensive motives. Conversely, others view jihad as a way of conquering the entire world. According to many scholars, â€Å"jihad is the only form of warfare permissible in Islamic law and may be declared against terrorists, criminal groups, rebels, apostates, and leaders or states who oppress Muslims or hamper proselytizing efforts† (Habeck 108). As a result, many Muslims believe that jihad is the only form of war that is suitable for defense. It also applies in cases where a society must operate under Sharia or Islamic laws. Among Muslims, jihad is not an individual’s responsibility, but rather a collective one. It is only among people with important positions who must consider jihad as an individual’s duty. Therefore, people who have great duties to declare jihad must mobilize the rest of the population in order to participate in jihad. It is the responsibility of spiritual leader to declare offensive jihad on others. However, offensive jih ad is rare. Some scholars also note that jihad has its limits. For instance, Muhammad did not allow killing of women and children during jihad. Besides, the Quran does not make jihad a compulsory affair. Muslim armies stayed away from cities in order to avoid corruption of cities. The second Caliph, Umar did not want desert soldiers to adopt corruption in cities. Umar did not want soldiers to learn behaviors of Roman and Persian elites. As a result, soldiers had to stay in isolated camps away from cities. Caliph argued that the attraction of wealth and luxury would corrupt the soldiers. This was also a method of keeping soldiers away from the general population in order to avoid struggle for control with other authorities. Territorial expansion of Islam Initially, Islam was mainly in cities and among some nomads. The armies of Muhammad established garrisons, which grew into cities. These conquerors spread the religion forcefully and by diplomatic means. The religion attracted other nomads as it gained economic power too. Later, Muhammad allowed imperial expansion of Islam (Karsh 19). Muhammad died in 632 AD. Caliphs took over the leadership of Islam. Caliphs were close to Muhammad. Rashidun Caliphs adopted the Muhammad’s method of acquiring new territories. Abu Bakr became a Caliph after the death of Muhammad. His major assignment was to eliminate rebellion of Arab tribes, which renounced the religion after the death Muhammad. This was the beginning of the War of Apostasy, which aimed at suppressing rebels. After the end of the War of Apostasy, Caliph started to attack powerful empires of the Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Empire. These two empires did not provide much resistance to Muslims because they were weak from war between themselves. The second wave of Islamic territorial expansion used both persuasion and military force. Military expansion became the preferred method of expanding the territory of the religion. According to scholars in Islamic hi story, the Arab or Turkish conquerors applied force in â€Å"North Africa, Anatolia, the Balkans, and India† (Lapidus 198). In other areas, such as West Africa and Indian Ocean regions, they used peace to spread the religion. In other cases, rulers or urban dwellers decided to adopt the religion. It is necessary to note that most coverts of Islam also resorted to forceful methods in order to expand their territories (Spencer 150). Conclusion Muslims expanded their territories through persuasion and wars. However, Muslims relationships depicted of invasions, conquests, and destruction. Muslims’ powerful leaders also rose and fell as some of them committed atrocities against non-Muslims and people who resisted the religion. Islamic religion managed to maintain its stability and spread in most areas of the despite these cases constant wars. Roles of Islam are important for followers. However, the forceful and radical approaches make Islam feared and controversial. Works C ited An-Na’im, Abdullahi Ahmed. The Future of Shari`a: Secularism from an Islamic Perspective. Atlanta, GA: Emory School of Law, 2007. Print. Armstrong, Karen. Islam: A Short History. New York: Modern Library Publishers, 2002. Print. Benhenda, Mostapha. â€Å"Liberal Democracy and Political Islam: The Search for Common Ground.† Politics, Philosophy Economics 10.1 (2009): 1-44. Print. Esposito, John. The Oxford Dictionary of Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003. Print. Feldman, Noah. Fall and Rise of the Islamic State. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2008. Print. Habeck, Mary. Knowing the Enemy: Jihadist Ideology and the War on Terror. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010. Print. Karsh, Efraim. Islamic Imperialism. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006. Print. Lapidus, Ira. A History of Islamic Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print. Spencer, Robert. Onward Muslim Soldiers. Washington, D.C: Regnery, 2003. Print. This essay on The Islamic Societies History was written and submitted by user Pablo Cash to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.